2016年12月12日 星期一

Political correctness/PC, Oxford University has introduced the gender neutral pronoun 'ze'


The Independent
'This issue isn’t about being PC'



Oxford University has introduced the gender neutral pronoun 'ze'
INDEPENDENT.CO.UK




Scientific American magazine
The idea of political correctness is central to the culture wars of American politics.


The Psychology of political correctness.
BLOGS.SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM|由 SCOTT BARRY KAUFMAN 上傳


political correctness
noun
  1. the avoidance of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against.
    "women like him for his civil rights stand and political correctness"

Political correctness - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness

The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct, commonly abbreviated to PC; also abbreviated as P.C. and p.c.) in modern usage, is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primarily not to offend or disadvantage any particular group of people in society.

In the news
Image for the news result
The Oscar-winning star says the word 'hero' is 'overdone' and should be reserved for real ...

2016年12月9日 星期五

kompromat

Russia Plants Child Pornography to Ruin Foes, They Say

A K.G.B. dirty trick known as “kompromat,” the fabrication of compromising or illegal material, may have returned in a particularly noxious form.

Kompromat (Russian: компромат, short for компрометирующий материал) is the Russian term for compromising materials about a politician or other public figure. Such materials can be used to create negative publicity, for blackmail, or for ensuring loyalty.

Kompromat - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompromat

bacteriophage, “ninja virus”, phage therapy,

bacteriophage, “ninja virus”, phage therapy,
找到一個對抗細菌感染的新方法不可能一蹴而就。數十年來,我們一直依賴青霉素等抗生素對抗感染。除非你的年齡過小、過大或者體質虛弱,否則沒有必要懼怕割傷、擦傷和基本外科手術。但是,在抗生素的使用範圍不斷擴大後,細菌開始演化出耐藥能力-這無疑是給人們敲起了警鐘。
英國政府及醫學慈善機構"維康基金會(Wellcome Trust)"2014年聯合發佈的報告稱,目前,各種耐藥細菌每年奪去數十萬人的生命,到2050年,這一數字將激增至1,000萬人之巨。
"1,000萬這個數字和目前每年死於癌症的人數相當,死於耐藥細菌的不僅有老年人,任何年齡階段的人都會成為犧牲品。擦傷等輕微皮膚損傷、分娩或髖關節手術等普通治療手段都會讓病人暴露在致命的耐藥菌感染之下,"新西蘭奧克蘭梅西大學的希瑟·亨德里克森(Heather Hendrickson)說。"我們正被拉回到抗生素誕生之前的世界,當時由於無法對抗感染,人類的平均壽命比現在要短得多。"
如果不想讓這種可怕的未來成為現實,我們就必須找到全新的抗菌方法。亨德里克森認為我們應當認真研究曾在恆河兩岸拯救了很多村民生命的噬菌體。2016年11月15日,她在BBC未來頻道在悉尼主辦的改變世界創想峰會上介紹了自己的研究。
與更先進的滅菌機制相比,噬菌體的抗菌原理非常簡單:由少量蛋白質分子組成的噬菌體能夠進入細菌內部劫持其生理機能,然後自我複製成數百個噬菌體副本。細菌死亡後將會爆裂解體,數百個噬菌體副本則從已死亡的細菌中釋放出來,然後重覆上述過程。人體自己的免疫系統已經採用了這一滅菌機制-我們的鼻腔內分佈有大量噬菌體以殺滅空氣中的細菌。
噬菌體具有很多優點,因此才被醫生們看中成為對抗耐藥菌的利器:噬菌體的數量巨大:亨德里克森指出,噬菌體的數量與細菌相比形成了10比1的優勢,從而使許多種新療法成為可能。"每一克土壤包含的噬菌體數量都多於地球上的總人口,"她說。
更有利的是,忍者病毒只會攻擊特定目標。這一點非常關鍵:醫生們已經發現,人體內的益生菌群對於人體健康非常重要。它們能對抗哮喘,甚至會協助人體釋放神經傳遞素,從而維持精神健康。
抗生素的靶向性較差,往往會不分青紅皂白地殺死體內的益生菌群。"它們將像是進入人體的核彈,"亨德里克森說,而噬菌體則像是訓練有素的狙擊手,在精確射殺敵人的同時不會殃及友軍。
噬菌體以其多樣性以及靶向性特點成為新抗菌療法的理想選擇,亨德里克森等科學家正在努力研究每種噬菌體的特點,以及所能對抗的病菌類型。"需要建立巨大的噬菌體療法數據庫,"她說。
與此同時,亨德里克森目前正和其學生努力研究土壤中發現的各類自然噬菌體的性狀。建立噬菌體數據庫後,他們還需要找到安全地培養、純化並儲存噬菌體的方法-噬菌體非常脆弱,極易變質,同時還需要確保噬菌體不會在治療中產生副作用。要知道,噬菌體有可能觸發人體免疫反應,從而導致過敏等問題。
目前,東歐國家在噬菌體研究上居於領先位置,她說;當初在西方轉向抗生素研究後,東歐國家有很多科學家繼續研究噬菌體。"整個冷戰期間,格魯吉亞、俄羅斯和波蘭一直使用噬菌體作為藥物,"她說。噬菌體常被用於戰場救護。"很多士兵會在作戰期間一直隨身攜帶噬菌體藥瓶。"
可惜的是,上述研究沒有在英語醫學刊物上發表,因而西方很多科學家對此一無所知-亨德里克森希望通過合作能夠克服這些障礙。在這次悉尼改變世界創想峰會前,她參與了在Reddit AMA平台上的討論。就在本周,一名從事噬菌體療法的醫生與她建立了聯繫。"很高興有機會和這些醫生見面,了解他們的噬菌體研究現狀,"她說。
西方最早開展的一項臨牀試驗是:使用分佈有噬菌體的繃帶覆蓋燒傷病人的傷口,觀察繃帶是否能夠防止傷口感染。亨德里克森稱,試驗在某些病人身上取得了成功。在改變世界創意峰會上,亨德里克森介紹了在一場登山事故中踝骨遭受粉碎性骨折的阿爾弗雷德·戈特勒(Alfred Gertler)的病例。在治療期間,他受到耐藥菌感染,當時人們認為唯一的方案只剩下截肢手術了。但在接受了10天的噬菌體治療後,他奇蹟般地徹底康復。
"這是一種功效強大的工具,"亨德里克森說。"我們對許多種類噬菌體的性質仍然一無所知。"
請訪問 BBC Future 閲讀 英文原文

One day in the future, a dose of a “ninja virus” might just save your life.
Unfortunately, this research was not published in English-language medical journals, and remained hidden from many scientists in the West – a challenge that Hendrickson hopes to overcome with new collaborations. Just this week, a doctor using phage therapy recently got in touch with her after she took part in our Reddit AMA (Ask Me Anything) discussion in the run up to the WCIS event in Sydney. “It’s a really exciting opportunity to meet these people and hear what they know,” she adds.
In the West, one of the first big clinical trials will test bandages infused with bacteriophages, to see whether it could prevent infection in burn victims. And Hendrickson points to some promising individual success stories. At WCIS, Hendrickson described the case of Alfred Gertler, who suffered a nasty climbing accident that “pulverised his ankle”. He developed an infection that would not respond to antibiotics, and initially it looked like the only option was amputation. After a 10-day course of phage therapy, however, he made a complete recovery.
“It is a really potent tool,” says Hendrickson. “And we have barely scratched the diversity of this group of organisms.”

音節
 
bac • te • ri • o • phage
 
発音
 
bæktíəriəfèidʒ
[名詞] (バクテリオ)ファージ(phage):特定のバクテリアに溶菌作用や分解作用を起こさせるウイルスの総称.  "噬菌體"(bacteriophage)的病毒。噬菌體對人體無害,但卻能夠有效殺滅霍亂菌,從而在霍亂菌感染當地朝聖者之前將河水淨化。
語源
1921.<フランス語 bactériophage.→BACTERIO--PHAGE

音節
 
-phage
 
発音
 
fèidʒ,fɑ`ːʒ
[連結詞] むさぼり食うもの;破壊するもの.
    ◆特に食細胞の造語に用いられる:macrophage. cf. PHAGO--PHAGOUS-PHAGY (また -phag)
語源
<ギリシャ語-phagos -PHAGOUS

Anthropocene, Holocene, Pleistocene,


People may have propelled Earth into a novel episode of geological time
The Anthropocene
LEARNMORE.ECONOMIST.COM



Anthropocene

ADJECTIVE

  • 1Relating to or denoting the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
    1. 1.1as noun the AnthropoceneThe Anthropocene period.

Origin

Early 21st century: from anthropo-, on the pattern of Holocene, Pleistocene, etc..
as anthropocene人類世紀。
起源
21世紀初:從人類學,對全新世更新世等的模式。

2016年12月8日 星期四

coelurosaur,Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor

這截首度在琥珀中發現的9900萬年歷史「非鳥恐龍」尾巴化石,脊椎、羽毛等細節清晰可見,且琥珀斷面有血跡反應,參與此研究的台北大學運動健康科學教授曾國維昨指,這顯示恐龍被「封」住時才剛死,這項發現可望為恐龍研究打開一扇新窗口。
.......經鑑定後發現,琥珀形成於9900萬年前屬白堊紀中期,而被琥珀保存下的是一段約6公分長的非鳥恐龍尾巴,推測該恐龍全長約18.5公分,尾巴除包含8段完整的尾椎,其上與活著時一模一樣的羽毛,更突破過去化石研究中,只能看壓成平面或已炭化的恐龍羽毛,為鳥類從恐龍演化而來提供更完整證據。
邢立達強調:「一定要說是最小的非鳥恐龍,而非最小的恐龍,因為所有鳥都是恐龍演化來的。」 
研究者推測小恐龍約麻雀大小,身上布滿羽毛。圖為學者想像圖。翻攝網路

體型似近鳥龍

科學家利用3D重建,這隻被命名為「伊娃」的小恐龍骨骼形態與虛骨龍類恐龍(Coelurosaur)類似,而具羽毛特徵可推測其屬手盜龍類(Maniraptora),其體型大小則與1.6億年前生活在中國華北地區、體長約34公分的手盜龍類─近鳥龍(Anchiornis)相近。相關研究結果近日發表在最新一期《當代生物學》。 
斷層掃描顯示「伊娃」尾巴包含至少八段完整的尾椎,且清楚看到羽毛的生長方向。翻攝網路

緬甸續找琥珀

曾國維指出,據骨骼型態還無法判斷伊娃是否成年,但「琥珀很乾淨,沒有動物死前的掙扎滑動或氣泡痕跡」,顯示其被「封」住時已死去。「但標本沒有明顯腐敗特徵,說明牠可能剛死亡,是一具相對新鮮的遺骸。」邢立達表示,目前團隊還在緬甸繼續尋找琥珀化石,加上先前已購入的琥珀,「未來很可能會有更多發現」。 

【報你知】琥珀

琥珀是松柏科植物流出的樹脂,掩埋在地下千萬年,在壓力和熱力下石化形成,被稱為「樹脂化石」或「松脂化石」。而該樹脂作用是植物分泌用來保護傷口和對付害蟲真菌的,樹脂黏性很高,包裹物品後不透氣也不透水且具透明性,加上本身就有抑菌作用,若流出時將昆蟲或動物包裹其中,便能完整精緻地保存樣本。 


NPR
The young coelurosaur, nicknamed "Eva," is closely related to iconic meat-eaters Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor.


Millions of years ago, a dinosaur about the size of a sparrow had a bad day. It got stuck in resin. Paleontologists recently came across the rare amber…
NPR.ORG





腔腸龍的主要群體

極其鳥類的獸腳龍恐龍

腔腸龍
在Mesa西南博物館,Mesa,AZ的Coelurosaur登上。照片©Geb Bennett。

警告:您正在進入一個不斷變化的分類研究領域。這一組的潛伏期的系統發育由涉及其研究的古生物學家辯論,並且新的分類被建議每年幾次!我們將嘗試保持這個網站更新,但現在,當你謹慎地操縱這個劇情展覽的陰影道路,記住,這個不同的組的關係尚未完全理解。這是一個令人沮喪和令人興奮的研究領域。所以仔細從這裡踏上...,看著陰影!飢餓的野獸潛伏在前面!

當前的聯合王國分類

Compsognathus
其中一個UCMP的Compsognathus的演員,從Solnhofen石灰石

龍舌蘭被定義為包含與鳥類更緊密相關的所有獸腳類的分支,而不是與龍族。肺結石的一些診斷特徵包括細長的臂和良好發展的鉸鏈樣踝(腳踝的可能旋轉減少,這在運動期間是有幫助的)。這些特徵可能會丟失或由後來的龍舌蘭(例如鳥)修改。

所有的連鎖龍都顯示出與鳥的大量形態學相似性,但是不同的連環體缺乏不同的鳥類特徵,因此這使得解決該組的系統發育的問題變得複雜。

這個問題的兩個例子是非常鳥狀的Compsognathus longipes(如右圖所示)和Ornitholestes hermanni,從好的標本已知的小的獸腳類,但是他們的系統發育親和力還沒有很好地解決,因為他們共享一些特徵,可能會密切聯合與一個組,但是然後缺少一些被認為是該組的診斷的功能。在這一點上,它們被認為是雪ae;換句話說,我們知道它們是獸腳類;和可能的coelurosaurs;但我們不知道他們是誰相關或如何適應大蜘蛛系統發育的大圖片。

主要腔腸龍類:

Maniraptora:易威猛,鳥類和其他腔腸龍類
Ornithomimidae:鳥模仿coelurosaurs
暴龍:巨型龍捲龍


http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/coelurosauria.html

The Major Groups of Coelurosaurs

Extremely bird-like theropod dinosaurs

Coelurosaur
Coelurosaur mount at the Mesa Southwest Museum, Mesa, AZ. Photo © Geb Bennett.
Warning: You are entering an area of taxonomic research that is constantly changing. The phylogeny of this group of theropods is debated by paleontologists involved in its study, and new classifications are proposed several times a year! We will attempt to keep this site updated, but for now, as you warily maneuver through the shadowy byways of this theropod exhibit, remember that the relationships of this diverse group are not yet understood fully. It is both a frustrating and exciting area of research. So tread carefully from here on…and watch the shadows! Hungry beasts lurk ahead!

Current coelurosaur classification

Compsognathus
One of the UCMP's casts of Compsognathus, from the Solnhofen limestone
Coelurosauria is defined as the clade containing all theropods more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs. Some diagnostic characteristics of coelurosaurs include elongated arms and well- developed hinge-like ankles (possible rotation of the ankle is reduced, which is helpful during locomotion). These features may be lost or modified by later coelurosaurs (birds, for example).
All coelurosaurs show a great number of morphological similarities with birds, but different coelurosaurs lack different bird-like characteristics, so this complicates the matter of resolving the phylogeny of the group.
Two examples of this problem are the very bird-like Compsognathus longipes (shown at right) and Ornitholestes hermanni, small theropods known from good specimens, but whose phylogenetic affinities have not been well resolved yet, because they share some features that might closely unite them with a group, but then lack some features that are considered diagnostic for that group. At this point they are considered incertae sedis;in other words, we know that they are theropods; and probably coelurosaurs; but we don't know who they are related to or how they fit into the big picture of theropod phylogeny.
Major coelurosaurian groups:
ManiraptoraVelociraptor, birds, and other coelurosaurs
Ornithomimidae: The bird-mimic coelurosaurs
Tyrannosauridae: The giant coelurosaurs
Authors Copyright

(verbs): Xerox, Google



Google (verb) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_(verb)
As a result of the increasing popularity and dominance of the Google search engine, usage of the transitive verb to google (also spelled Google) grew ..



Xerox
ˈzɪərɒks,ˈzɛ-/
verb
  1. 1.
    copy (a document) by the Xerox process.
    "I shall have the typescript xeroxed today"



HKFP_Buzz: The colourful animated clip includes a giant, crying Chinese President Xi Jinping and features Donald J. Trump firing "Twitter birds" at a map of China whilst the international media Google "Taiwan."