2022年2月3日 星期四

NFTs, short for nonfungible tokens, 非同質化代幣（英語：non-fungible token）非代替性代幣






NFTs, short for nonfungible tokens, are digital contracts that allow people to prove they own specific online assets, like official copies of a given artwork, and are usually bought and sold with cryptocurrencies, especially Ethereum. ... In the 110 profitable cases, sales from those NFTs made nearly $8.9 million.7 hours ago








On October 25th you can bid to buy the non-fungible token of our Alice in Wonderland cover on decentralised finance. The money raised will go to The Economist Educational Foundation



ECONOMIST.COM
We are auctioning our first ever NFT2

2


非代替性トークン（ひだいたいせいトークン）、NFT（英: non-fungible token、

A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unique and non-interchangeable unit of data stored on a digital ledger (blockchain).[1] NFTs can be used to represent easily-reproducible items such as photos, videos, audio, and other types of digital files as unique items (analogous to a certificate of authenticity), and use blockchain technology to establish a verified and public proof of ownership. Copies of the original file are not restricted to the owner of the NFT, and can be copied and shared like any file. The lack of interchangeability (fungibility) distinguishes NFTs from blockchain cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin.

The first NFT project was launched in 2015 on the Ethereum blockchain, and interest grew with the rise of interest in crypto currencies. According to NonFungible.com, sales exceeded $2 billion in the first quarter of 2021, more than 20 times the volume of the previous quarter.[2] NFTs have drawn criticism with respect to the energy cost and carbon footprint associated with validating blockchain transactions.

Description

非同質化代幣（英語：non-fungible token）是一種被稱為區塊鏈數位帳本上的數據單位，每個代幣可以代表一個獨特的數碼資料。由於其不能互換，非同質化代幣可以代表數位文件，如畫作、聲音、影片、遊戲中的項目或其他形式的創意作品。雖然文件（作品）本身是可以無限複製的，但代表它們的代幣在其底層區塊鏈上被追蹤，並為買家提供所有權證明。 [1] [2]諸如以太幣、比特幣等加密貨幣都有自己的代幣標準以定義對NFT的使用。

描述[編輯]

非同質化代幣一種存儲在區塊鏈（數位帳本）上的數據單位，它可以代表藝術品等獨一無二的數位物品。[1]其是一種加密代幣，但與比特幣等加密貨幣不同，其不可互換。[3][4] 一個非同質化代幣是通過上傳一個文件，如藝術品，到非同質化代幣拍賣市場[5]。這將創建一個記錄在數位帳本上的文件副本作為非同質化代幣，它可以用加密貨幣購買和轉售。雖然藝術家可以出售代表作品的非同質化代幣，但藝術家仍然可以保留作品的版權[6]，並創造更多的同一作品的非同質化代幣。非同質化代幣的買家並不能獲得對作品的獨家訪問權，[6]買家也不能獲得對原始數位文件的獨佔。將某一作品作為非同質化代幣上傳的人不必證明他們是原創藝術家[7]，在許多案例中，在未經創作者許可的情況下，藝術品被用於非同質化代幣。[8][9]

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2021年11月4日 星期四

beam, beamtime

 

The reactor won’t restart until April 2022 at the earliest, leaving thousands of users scrambling to find beamtime elsewhere.

Apply for beamtime - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ...

https://www.esrf.fr › UserGuide › Applying
Jun 2, 2020 — Beam time is allocated on the basis of scientific merit, following the recommendations of the Review Committees, and provided the experiment ...

Apply for Beamtime - Advanced Light Source

https://als.lbl.gov › apply-for-beamtime
An Approved Program (AP) enables an investigator or a group of investigators to receive an assured percentage of beamtime for a period of several years to carry ...




beamtime (usually uncountable, plural beamtimes) (physics) time allocated to a researcher for use of a beam of particles from a particular source.



Etymology[edit]

beam +‎ time

Noun[edit]

beam (plural beams)

  1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use. quotations ▼
  2. One of the principal horizontal structural members, usually of timber or concrete, of a building; one of the transverse members of a ship's frame on which the decks are laid — supported at the sides by knees in wooden ships and by stringers in steel ones. quotations ▼
  3. (nautical) The maximum width of a vessel (note that a vessel with a beam of 15 foot can also be said to be 15 foot abeam). quotations ▼
    Synonym: breadth
    This ship has more beam than that one.
  4. The crossbar of a mechanical balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. quotations ▼
  5. The principal stem of the antler of a deer.
  6. (literary) The pole of a carriage or chariot. quotations ▼
  7. (textiles) A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving and the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven.
  8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.
  9. The central bar of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.
  10. In steam engines, a heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft.
    Synonyms: working beam, walking beam
  11. A ray or collection of approximately parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body. quotations ▼
    a beam of light
    a beam of energy
  12. (figuratively) A ray; a gleam. quotations ▼
    a beam of hope, or of comfort
  13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk.
    Synonym: beam feather
  14. (music) A horizontal bar which connects the stems of two or more notes to group them and to indicate metric value.
  15. (railway) An elevated rectangular dirt pile used to cheaply build an elevated portion of a railway.
  16. (gymnastics) Ellipsis of balance beam



OED

 7.

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 a. In Physics I (rarely i) is the symbol of the quantum number of nuclear spin.  [Adopted by Back and Goudsmit 1928, in Zeitschr. f. Physik XLVII. 175.]

1930   L. Pauling & S. Goudsmit Struct. Line Spectra xi. 203   i is a new quantum number, the nuclear spin quantum number.
1932   R. F. Bacher & S. Goudsmit Atomic Energy States 20   The spectrum of bismuth, for which the nuclear moment I is 4½, is an interesting example of this type of hyperfine structure.
1966   D. H. Whiffen Spectrosc. iii. 22   Intrinsic nuclear angular momenta are quantised and may be expressed as Iħ where I..is called the spin quantum number.
1967   E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) vii. iv. 68/1   At low magnetic fields I and J are tightly coupled to form a resultant angular momentum F = I + J, whose quantum number F at low fields is a good quantum number.

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 b. Occasionally used as the symbol of the quantum number of isospin (more commonly T n.).

1953   Progress Theoret. Physics 9 420   In general, selection rules are intimately connected with the conservative quantities which we shall inquire for a system involving Fermions. Those are the total angular momentum J and the total isotopic spin I of the system.
1962   A. Ramakrishnan Elem. Particles & Cosmic Rays i. 31   We use the symbol t for the isotopic spin operator of a system of particles and τ for a single particle, their eigenvalues being denoted by T and I respectively.



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