It’s like kefir for plants. And it could clean up the planet, too.
TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM
Replacing fertilizer with plant probiotics could slash greenhouse gases
Replacing fertilizer with plant probiotics could slash greenhouse gases
Nov 25, 2015 - If you’re vegan or vegetarian, here’s what you need to know about plant-based probiotics and gut health. ... Probiotics are live bacteria that contribute to a healthy gut environment—our very own community of health-promoting microbes. Prebiotics are fermentable fibers that serve ...
An October 2001 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) defines probiotics as live microorganisms that, "when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."[16][4] Following this definition, a working group convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/WHO in May 2002 issued the Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food.[17] A consensus definition of the term probiotics, based on available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after the aforementioned joint expert consultation between the FAO of the United Nations and the WHO. This effort was accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies' requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations.
定義[編輯]
歷史[編輯]
根據歷史記載,人類最早食用的益生菌是來自於酸奶(優酪乳),早在西元前3000多年前,居住在土耳其高原的古代遊牧民族就已經製作和飲用酸奶了。最初的酸奶可能起源於偶然的機會。那時羊奶存放時經常會變質,是由於不良細菌污染了羊奶所致,但是有一次空氣中酸奶的乳酸菌偶然進入羊奶,這些益菌使羊奶發生了類似於腸胃道內的變化,變得更為酸甜適口了,這就是最早的酸奶。
20世紀初,俄國科學家埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫(Élie Metchnikoff)在研究保加利亞人為何長壽者較多的現象時,發現這些長壽者都愛喝酸奶,而提出發酵後的乳類中所含的乳酸菌對人體健康有益理論。
梅契尼可夫的研究成果使一位西班牙商人艾薩克·卡拉索受到啟發,於1919年建立酸奶製造廠(現今的達能集團),把酸奶當作一種具有藥物作用的「長壽飲料」放在藥房銷售。第二次世界大戰爆發後,卡拉索於美國又建了一座酸奶廠。
益生菌的食物[編輯]
益生元,又稱益生質、益菌生,就是益生菌的食物,通常是人類所不能消化,但是細菌卻可以從中提取養分(或者是促進生長的環境也算),益生質能夠促進腸胃道益生菌的繁衍。
常見菌種[編輯]
一般所稱「乳酸菌」是指能利用碳水化合物進行發酵生產多量乳酸之細菌總稱,為一相當龐雜的菌群,近年來經由科技及分子生物學的不斷發展,目前普遍認為的乳酸菌已由早期的4個屬(genus)再細分及擴充為17個屬273個種(species):
- 腸球菌屬(Enterococcus)
- 乳桿菌屬(Lactobacillus)
- 芽孢桿菌屬(Bacillus)
- 梭菌屬(Clostridium)
- 乳酸球菌屬(Lactococcus lactis)
- 明串球菌屬(Leuconostoc)
- 足球菌屬(Pediococcus)
- 肉品桿菌屬(Carnobacterium)
- 徘徊球菌屬(Vagococcus)
- 四體球菌屬(Tetragenococcus)
- 雙歧桿菌屬(Bifidobacterium)
- 阿托波菌屬(Atopobium)
- 魏斯氏菌屬(Weissella)
- 貧養菌屬(Abiotrophia)
- 顆粒鏈菌屬(Granulicatella)
- 酒球菌屬(Oenococcus)
- 副乳桿菌屬(Paralactobacillus)
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