2020年7月25日 星期六

In Vitro Fertilization, IVF）

 In Vitro Fertilization, IVF）


Nobel Prize


Who else can say that the method of their conception was worthy of a Nobel Prize?
On this day in 1978 the first IVF baby, Louise Brown was born, being held here by Nobel Laureate Robert Edwards, whose research enabled IVF. Although the media referred to Louise Brown as a "test tube baby", her conception actually took place in a petri dish.
A private donation enabled the project to continue after other funding had been withdrawn since Edward’s research grew increasingly controversial. Several bishops and ethicists demanded that the project be stopped, whereas others supported it. Critics considered the research ethically questionable; one of their concerns was that children conceived through IVF might have birth defects. The British Medical Research Council questioned both the safety and the long-term usefulness of infertility treatment and turned down an application for research funding.
Robert Edwards viewed these ethical questions with profound earnestness. However, he considered the risks of IVF to be small and was determined to bring his work to fruition. He was awarded the 2010 Medicine Prize "for the development of in vitro fertilization". Since the birth of Louise Brown, his contributions have helped millions of people bring new life into the world.

Hybrid embryos of northern white rhinos and their cousins from the south may pave the way for the creation of pure northern-white embryos
受精し分裂した卵（胚）を子宮内に移植することを含めて体外受精・胚移植(IVF-ET)(ET; embryo transfer)という。 胚盤胞まで成長させてから子宮内に移植する場合は、IVF-BT（BT; blastocyst transfer)という。

体外受精 - Wikipedia

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/体外受精

 英: In Vitro Fertilization, IVF）
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2020年7月23日 星期四

Pack journalism

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Pack journalism is the characterization of news reporting in which reporters from different news outlets collaborate to cover the same story, leaving news reporting homogeneous. This is the practice whereby reporters use the same sources of information for their stories. This not only refers to print sources but people who provide quotes and information for stories too. When reporters need to cover a specific person for a story, these individuals will often move from place to place, and crowd together in masses at the scenes of newsworthy locations just for comments and/or quotes from individuals involved. While this is considered proper reporting, when reporters from several news outlets take the same steps to cover the same story, it leaves news virtually unvaried.
Overall, the occurrence of pack journalism is largely due to reporters' reliance on one another for news tips and use of one single source for their information (which could often even be the very subject they're covering). "Group think" occurs, as journalists are constantly aware of what others are reporting on, and an informal consensus emerges on what is newsworthy.
While pack journalism has had a presence in news reporting for quite some time, it initially gained meaning in political journalism surrounding the campaign of the 1972 Presidential election. Since then, it has continued to become more prominent in reporting and more common for news organizations.

History[edit]

The term was first coined by Timothy Crouse in response to his observation during the 1972 Nixon and McGovern presidential election. The coverage of this particular campaign was deplored in depth by Crouse in his 1973 book The Boys on the Bus. Journalists were following candidates on the campaign trail as a group, often crowding together and spending time comparing notes. While the intent was to write unique stories for respective news organizations, journalists were working together so much, it became impossible for even the most self-reliant journalists to separate their notes from others. News organizations and media outlets were taking on the role of determining who the most popular candidate was amongst the public. Crouse noted what reporters knew well was not the American electorate but the much smaller community of the press plane. Crouse felt campaign journalism is what ultimately paved the road to pack journalism.[1]
Modern pack journalism practices no longer require a physical proximity of campaign buses or shared press rooms. Journalists continue to conform to the pack from their computer screens just in monitoring and imitating other reporters online.

Consequences[edit]

Pack journalism is currently widely connected with political journalism and remains a widespread issue in reporting. Pack journalism leads to a lazier approach whereby it is not necessary for reporters to compile information on their own because other reporters have already done so. This, in turn, leads to numerous news organizations highlighting and/or publishing similar or even identical stories. While it is common for the same news event to be covered by various news organizations, when the stories are covered from the same perspectives and use the same quotes, the news is left virtually unvaried.
A significant short term consequence of pack journalism is that it turns minor news stories into national headlines. While these stories might be worthy of coverage, their widespread influence on the public causes people to lose sight of other important newsworthy stories elsewhere in the world.
A major long term consequence of this kind of journalism is that it reduces news reporting to a competition with news organizations competing over breaking stories. This results in the public missing out on other important news. Readers and viewers of news might not take this kind of reporting seriously, and they might not feel the news is a reliable source of information.
When pack journalism is connected with political journalism, there is an under-representation of minority parties that results from the media's focus on one prominent party over another. Watching and reporting on one person over and over provides viewers with one perspective on the race and leads to a shortsighted view of the campaign overall. Conformity within the news has been related to "agenda setting", which is the result of the press's influence over audiences in conveying to the people which events are important simply by covering them.
Potential positives stem from this practice, too. The individual journalist who releases a story has widespread influence, and the story, in turn, receives widespread attention. In the United States, when a reporter breaks an important story to the media, other news organizations pick it up and spread it further. This ultimately keeps stories alive, and leads to a story's impact on viewers.

Criticism[edit]

The unethical nature of pack journalism is further explored through social responsibility theory. According to the Hutchins Commission, social responsibility theory states that the press must be responsible for publishing information to the public in an honest manner. The Hutchins Commission argued that unless reliable, complete coverage of news is included in each news organization, the public would be ignorant and misled by the media – in this case, pack journalism. According to the Hutchins Commission, the five standards news organizations should meet are as follows:
  1. A truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day's events in a context which gives them meaning.
  2. A forum for the exchange of comment and criticism.
  3. The projection of a representative picture of the constituent groups in the society.
  4. The presentation and clarification of the goals and values of the society.
  5. Full access to the day's intelligence
Pack journalism contradicts these recommended standards.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Zelizer, Julian (September 8, 2010). "How Much Do We Learn From the First Cut of History?". www.thenation.com.
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2020年7月22日 星期三

Pandemic parlance: Coronaspeck, or coronavirus fat, covidiot,




Coronaspeck, or coronavirus fat, is the helpful German word for the fat deposited by weeks of stay-at-home grazing. It’s part of a new wave of slang words and phrases to describe life under lockdown. Don’t be a “covidiot” - make sure your pandemic parlance is up to scratch, and let us know if we’ve missed anything. From 1843
ECONOMIST.COM
Do you speak corona? A guide to covid-19 slang
Pandemic parlance





Covidiot - Urban Dictionary
www.urbandictionary.com › define

Relating to the 2020 Covid-19 virus: Someone who ignores the warnings regarding public health or safety. A person who hoards goods, denying them from their neighbors. Did you see that covidiot with 300 rolls of toilet paper in his basket?

covidiot 是COVID-19和idiot 的縮合詞。有網民戲稱為「抗疫豬隊友」，勝在譯得及時、在地，但「豬隊友」.....
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2020年7月19日 星期日

satnav system






The completion of the BeiDou navigation system eliminates dependency on America for location data


ECONOMIST.COM

China prepares to launch its own satnav system. Will it rival America's?
How will the West respond?

**** Wikipedia


衛星導航系統（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）是覆蓋全球的自主地利空間定位的衛星系統，允許小巧的電子接收器確定它的所在位置（經度、緯度和高度），並且經由衛星廣播沿著視線方向傳送的時間訊號精確到10米的範圍內。接收機計算的精確時間以及位置，可以作為科學實驗的參考。
截至2020年6月，只有美國的全球定位系統 （GPS；共由24顆衛星組成）、俄羅斯的格洛納斯系統（GLONASS）和中國的北斗衛星導航系統（BDS）[1]覆蓋全球。歐洲聯盟的伽利略定位系統則為在初期部署階段的全球導航衛星系統，預定最早到2020年才能夠充分的運作[2]。一些國家，包括法國、日本和印度[3]，都在發展區域導航系統。
每個覆蓋全球的系統通常都是由20-30顆衛星組成的衛星集群，以中地球軌道分布在幾個軌道平面上。實際的系統各自不同，但是使用的軌道傾斜都大於50°，和軌道週期大約都是12小時（高度大約20,000公里（12,000英里））。
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2020年7月18日 星期六

"cold war" "stereotype"


Lippmann was the first to bring the phrase "cold war" to common currency, in his 1947 book by the same name.
It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas.[citation needed] He argued that people, including journalists, are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than to come to judgment by critical thinking. Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues.


Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974)[2] was an American writer, reporter and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion.[3]


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2020年7月6日 星期一

LGBTQ, tear gas, trans people


Jari Jones - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Jari_Jones
Jari Jones (born 1991) is an American actress, filmmaker, model, and LGBTQ rights activist. Jones was a cast member, script consultant, acting coach, and producer of Port Authority. She was the first Black trans woman producer of a film ...

"美國時裝品牌Calvin Klein（CK）近來因在紐約戶外登出黑人模特傑瑞·瓊斯（Jari Jones）的巨幅廣告海報，在社交媒體上引起了激烈爭論。這實際上是CK為今年「LGBTQ驕傲月」（女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀、跨性別、性向疑惑）推出的系列廣告之一，其中瓊斯的身份最為多元，她是「黑人」，同時也是「變性人」、「同性戀」和「大碼模特」，她因此被網民稱為「史上最政治正確」的模特，顛覆白人主流社會審美標準。"



OPINION | CONTRIBUTING OP-ED WRITER

By JENNIFER FINNEY BOYLAN
The Pentagon doesn’t want it. The military doesn’t need it. Only bigotry explains it.

【我們的餐桌 LGBT家庭型態(影片)】
　　由LGBT(男女同性戀、雙性戀及跨性別者)所組成的「家庭型態」，如今在社會上逐漸受到認同。東京都澀谷區於今年3月，通過全國首項承認同性伴侶等同於結婚關係之同性伴侶關係條例，並引發熱烈迴響。此次筆者將可以反映出不同時代家庭型態的「餐桌」作為舞台，以剖析LGBT伴侶的現狀。

New York University
"The presence and visibility of trans people challenges every one of us." Alumna Janet Mock (GSAS '06) on Christopher Street—past and present—in the The New Yorker:



The Trans Community of Christopher Street
Portraits from the neighborhood where the L.G.B.T. movement began.
NEWYORKER.COM|由 MARK SELIGER 上傳



CNN Japan
台湾で同性婚合法化の機運、年内にも法案 アジア初実現か
CNN Japan
台北（ＣＮＮ） 一般にも政治家の間でも性的少数者（ＬＧＢＴ）への理解が広がっている台湾で、同性婚を合法化する法案が年内にも国会に当たる立法院に提出され ...



Howard Chang
因這次參觀同志大遊行，認識了幾個單字：
- Gay pride 同性戀自豪日：是同性戀權利運動的一部分，時間是每年6月的最後一個星期日。
- LGBT: 女同性戀（Lesbian）、男同性戀（Gay）、雙性戀（Bisexual）、跨性別（Transgender）。
- 「一群同志」的英文群體名詞也好像已有了共識，叫做a pride of gays。這個群體名詞過去用於獅子，一群獅子就叫a pride of lions。
例如：
- Decades ago, the Geography Department at Yale was abolished because it had become a pride of gays.
- To which gay pride do you belong?
- A PRIDE OF GAYS 




A PRIDE OF GAYS « lissome’s blog


Nam sodales mi vitae dolor ullamcorper et vulputate enim a

Istanbul's government had forbid the activities from taking place


Turkish police use tear gas on LGBT activists


LGBT activists ran from the streets screaming as some were arrested.
DAILYM.AI

“It just feels like a big Miller Lite tent. It’s co-opting queer identity as a way to make money."

Too straight, white and corporate: why some queer people are skipping SF Pride


Disaffected by the annual parade, members of San Francisco’s LGBT…


THEGUARDIAN.COM|由 SAM LEVIN 上傳

"That this hate crime happened a year after nine Black people were murdered in a church in Charleston, South Carolina — targeted simply for being alive and Black — adds yet another layer of pain...."


— Professor john a. powell, director of the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society

The America we must become: A response to Orlando


We have and we have not been here before. The news that our brothers and sisters in the LGBTQ community in Orlando were singled out and targeted for a hate crime of unimaginable proportions fills u…
BLOGS.BERKELEY.EDU


tear gas
Pronunciation: /ˈtɪəɡas/
NOUN

[MASS NOUN] 1917
Gas that causes severe irritation to the eyes, chiefly used in riot control to force crowds todisperse:police used water cannon and tear gas against demonstrators[AS MODIFIER]: a tear-gas canister


More example sentences
VERB (tear-gas)[WITH OBJECT]
Attack with tear gas:he and his crew were tear-gassed

trans 2
Pronunciation: /trɑːnz/
ADJECTIVE
Short for transsexual or transgender.



LGBT - 维基百科，自由的百科全书 - 維基百科


https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT


LGBT是女同性戀者（Lesbian）、男同性戀者（Gay）、雙性戀者（Bisexual）與跨性別者（Transgender）的英文首字母縮略字。1990年代，由於「同性戀社群」一詞無法完整 ...




LGBTQ

ABBREVIATION

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (or questioning).

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2020年7月5日 星期日

mall: With Department Stores Disappearing, Malls Could Be Next





With Department Stores Disappearing, Malls Could Be Next

Brick-and-mortar retail was in the midst of seismic change before the pandemic. Now analysts say that hundreds of malls are at risk of closing in the next five years.

951 comments


Noun[edit]

mall (countable and uncountable, plural malls)
  1. (chiefly Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand) A pedestrianised street, especially a shopping precinct. [from 20th c.] quotations ▼
  2. An enclosed shopping centre. [from 20th c.] quotations ▼
  3. (obsolete) An alley where the game of pall mall was played. [17th-19th c.]
  4. A public walk; a level shaded walk, a promenade. [from 18th c.] quotations ▼
  5. A heavy wooden mallet or hammer used in the game of pall mall. [from 17th c.] quotations ▼
  6. (obsolete) The game of polo. [17th c.]
  7. (obsolete) An old game played with malls or mallets and balls; pall mall. [17th-19th c.]
    (Can we find and add a quotation of Cotton to this entry?)
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2020年7月2日 星期四

anti-vaxxers. Vaccine hesitancy, also known as anti-vaccination or anti-vax,












THEGUARDIAN.COM

Fauci doubts effectiveness of coronavirus vaccine in US due to anti-vaxxers
America’s leading public health expert suggests vaccine would no疫苗忌避Vaccine hesitancy, also known as anti-vaccination or anti-vax, is a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one's children vaccinated against contagious diseases despite the availability of vaccination services. It is identified by the World Health Organization as one of the top ten global health threats of 2019
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