disinformation: China accused of spreading disinformation on Hong Kong: misinformation

China accused of spreading disinformation on Hong Kong

Facebook and Twitter said they found evidence that China had been waging an information war, and the social media sites took down accounts that were spreading false information about the demonstrations in Hong Kong.... From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Graphic showing differences between (deliberate) disinformation, unintentional misinformation, and hoaxaccording to Wikimedia Research Disinformation is false information spread deliberately to deceive.[1][2][3]. This is a subset of misinformation, which also may be unintentional. The English word disinformation is a loan translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya,[1][2][3] derived from the title of a KGB black propagandadepartment.[4] Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to claim it had a Western origin.[1] Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923.[5] Disinformation was defined in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1952) as "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion".[1][2][6] Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U.S. invented AIDS.[1][6][7] The U.S. did not actively counter disinformation until 1980, when a fake document reported that the U.S. supported apartheid.[8] The word disinformation did not appear in English dictionaries until the late-1980s.[1][2] English use increased in 1986, after revelations that the Reagan Administration engaged in disinformation against Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[9] By 1990 it was pervasive in U.S. politics;[10] and by 2001 referred generally to lying and propaganda.[11][12] Contents 1Etymology and early usage 2Defections reveal covert operations 3Post Soviet-era Russian disinformation 4English language spread 5Analysis 6See also 7References 8Further reading 9External links Etymology and early usage[edit] The English word disinformation, which did not appear in dictionaries until the late-1980s, is a translation of the Russian дезинформация, transliterated as dezinformatsiya.[2][6][1] Where misinformation refers to inaccuracies that stem from error, disinformation is deliberate falsehood promulgated by design.[4] Misinformation can be used to define disinformation—when known misinformation is purposefully and intentionally disseminated.[13] Front groups are a form of disinformation, as they fraudulently mislead as to their actual controllers.[14]Disinformation tactics can lead to blowback, unintended negative problems due to the strategy, for example defamation lawsuits or damage to reputation.[14] Disinformation is primarily prepared by government intelligence agencies.[15] ****比較 Orwell: In a particularly ironic twist, Amazon’s virtual bookstore has seen an explosion of counterfeit digital versions of “1984,” “Animal Farm” and the author’s other famous works that have been edited and rewritten, becoming a form of misinformation themselves.